I ka hapaha hope loa, ua hoʻopuka ke Kuhina Kālepa, me ka laulima ʻana me ka General Administration of Customs, i kahi hoʻolaha hui e mālama i ka palekana a me nā pono o ka ʻāina me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kuleana non-proliferation honua. Me ka ʻae ʻia e ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o ka Mokuʻāina, ua kau ʻia nā hana hoʻomalu koʻikoʻi i nā mea e pili ana i ka tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, molybdenum, a me ka indium. ʻO ke kikoʻī, ʻo nā mea e pili ana i ka tungsten i kāohi ʻia e komo pū me ka ammonium paratungstate, tungsten oxides, kekahi mau tungsten carbides i kāohi ʻole ʻia, nā ʻano kikoʻī o ka tungsten paʻa (koe naʻe nā granules a i ʻole nā pauka), nā tungsten-nickel-iron kikoʻī a i ʻole tungsten-nickel-copper alloys, a me nā ʻikepili a me nā ʻenehana e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o nā code kikoʻī (1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d). Pono nā mea hana a pau e hoʻokuʻu aku ana i kēia mau mea e mālama i ke Kānāwai Hoʻomalu Hoʻokuʻu aku o ka Repubalika o Kina a me nā Rula ma ka Hoʻomalu Hoʻokuʻu aku o nā Mea Hoʻohana Pālua, e noi ana a loaʻa nā palapala ʻae hoʻokuʻu aku mai nā luna kālepa kūpono o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā o ka Mokuʻāina. E hoʻomaka koke ana kēia hoʻolaha a hōʻano hou i ka Papa Inoa Mana Hoʻokuʻu Aku o nā Mea Hoʻohana Pālua o ka Repubalika o Kina.
I. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Tungsten
- 1C117.d. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Tungsten:
- ʻAmonium paratungstate (Kumu HS: 2841801000);
- Nā ʻokikene tungsten (Nā Code HS: 2825901200, 2825901910, 2825901920);
- ʻAʻole i kāohi ʻia nā carbides tungsten ma lalo o 1C226 (HS Code: 2849902000).
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- 1C117.c. ʻO ka Tungsten Paʻa me nā ʻano a pau ma lalo nei:
- ʻO ka tungsten paʻa (koe naʻe nā granules a i ʻole nā pauka) me kekahi o kēia mau mea:
- ʻO nā hui tungsten a i ʻole tungsten me ka nui o ka tungsten ≥97% ma ke kaumaha, ʻaʻole i kāohi ʻia ma lalo o 1C226 a i ʻole 1C241 (HS Codes: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui keleawe-tungsten me ka nui o ka tungsten ≥80% ma ke kaumaha (Nā Code HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Nā hui tungsten-kālā me ka nui o ka tungsten ≥80% a me ka nui o ke kālā ≥2% ma ke kaumaha (HS Codes: 7106919001, 7106929001);
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- Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kekahi o kēia mau mea:
- Nā kini me ke anawaena ≥120 mm a me ka lōʻihi ≥50 mm;
- Nā paipu me ke anawaena o loko ≥65 mm, ka mānoanoa o ka paia ≥25 mm, a me ka lōʻihi ≥50 mm;
- Nā poloka me nā ana ≥120 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm.
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- 1C004. Nā ʻāpana Tungsten-Nickel-Iron a i ʻole Tungsten-Nickel-Copper me nā ʻano a pau ma lalo nei:
- Ka nui o ka paʻa >17.5 g/cm³;
- Ikaika hāʻawi >800 MPa;
- ʻO ka ikaika tensile hope loa >1270 MPa;
- Elongation >8% (HS Codes: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001).
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- 1E004, 1E101.b. Nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻikepili no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o 1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d (me nā kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana, nā palena, a me nā polokalamu mīkini).
II. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Tellurium
- 6C002.a. Tellurium metala (Kumu HS: 2804500001).
- 6C002.b. Nā Huahana Hui Pū ʻia o ka Tellurium Hoʻokahi a i ʻole Polycrystalline (me nā substrates a i ʻole nā wafers epitaxial):
- ʻO Cadmium telluride (Nā Koda HS: 2842902000, 3818009021);
- ʻO ka cadmium zinc telluride (Nā Code HS: 2842909025, 3818009021);
- Mercury cadmium telluride (Nā Code HS: 2852100010, 3818009021).
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- 6E002. Nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻikepili no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o 6C002 (me nā kikoʻī hana, nā palena, a me nā polokalamu mīkini).
III. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Bismuth
- 6C001.a. ʻO ka Metallic Bismuth a me nā huahana i kāohi ʻole ʻia ma lalo o 1C229, me ka palena ʻole i nā ingots, nā poloka, nā beads, nā granules, a me nā pauka (HS Codes: 8106101091, 8106101092, 8106101099, 8106109090, 8106901019, 8106901029, 8106901099, 8106909090).
- 6C001.b. Bismuth Germanate (HS Code: 2841900041).
- 6C001.c. Triphenylbismuth (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 6C001.d. Tris(p-ethoxyphenyl)bismuth (Kumu HS: 2931900032).
- 6E001. Nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻikepili no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o 6C001 (me nā kikoʻī hana, nā palena, a me nā polokalamu mīkini).
IV. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Molybdenum
- 1C117.b. Pauka Molybdenum: Nā ʻāpana molybdenum a me nā ʻāpana me ka nui o ka molybdenum ≥97% ma ke kaumaha a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana ≤50×10⁻⁶ m (50 μm), i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana missile (HS Code: 8102100001).
- 1E101.b. Nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻikepili no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o 1C117.b (me nā kikoʻī hana, nā palena, a me nā polokalamu mīkini).
V. Nā Mea e Pili Ana i ka Indium
- 3C004.a. ʻIndium Phosphide (Kumu HS: 2853904051).
- 3C004.b. Trimethylindium (Kūlana HS: 2931900032).
- 3C004.c. Triethylindium (Kūlana HS: 2931900032).
- 3E004. Nā ʻenehana a me ka ʻikepili no ka hana ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o 3C004 (me nā kikoʻī hana, nā palena, a me nā polokalamu mīkini).
ʻAʻole he pāpā piha nā kaohi hoʻokuʻu aku o Tungsten
ʻAʻole manaʻo nā kaohi hoʻokuʻu aku o ka tungsten i ka pāpā piha ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu aku akā pili i nā hana hoʻokele maʻamau no nā mea pili i ka tungsten. Pono nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku o kēia mau mea e noi no nā palapala ʻae mai nā luna kālepa kūpono o ka ʻAha Mokuʻāina e like me ke Kānāwai Mana Hoʻokuʻu aku a me nā Rula ma ka Mana Hoʻokuʻu aku o nā Mea Hoʻohana Pālua. ʻAe ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu aku ma hope o ka mālama ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻia.
Ka hopena kūpono ma ka mākeke kūloko
Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka Tungsten-Molybdenum Cloud Commerce Platform, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana aku o ka ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten trioxide, a me ka tungsten carbide kahi hapa nui o ka huina o nā hoʻokuʻu aku tungsten:
- ʻO ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku e APT i ka makahiki 2023 a me 2024 he 803 tons a me 782 tons, kēlā me kēia, e helu ana no kahi 4% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku ai ka tungsten.
- ʻO ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ka tungsten trioxide he 2,699 tons i ka makahiki 2023 a me 3,190 tons i ka makahiki 2024, e piʻi ana mai 14% a i 17% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku.
- ʻO ka nui o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku mai ka tungsten carbide he 4,433 tons i ka makahiki 2023 a me 4,147 tons i ka makahiki 2024, e mālama ana i kahi mahele o kahi 22%.
ʻO ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā kaohi hoʻokuʻu aku o ka tungsten e hoʻokau i kēia mau mea i nā kaʻina hana nānā a me ka ʻae ʻana, e hoʻopilikia paha i nā hana a kekahi mau mea hoʻokuʻu aku. Eia nō naʻe, no ka palena iki o ka māhele o kēia mau mea i kāohi ʻia ma ka huina o nā hoʻokuʻu aku tungsten, manaʻo ʻia he liʻiliʻi ka hopena holoʻokoʻa ma ka dinamika lako-koi o ka mākeke tungsten kūloko a me nā ʻano kumukūʻai. Hiki i kēia kulekele ke paipai i nā ʻoihana e kālele i ka hana hou ʻenehana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana e hoʻokō maikaʻi i nā koi o ka mākeke kūloko a me ka honua.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o ka Tungsten
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka Tungsten, ka paʻakikī, ka conductivity, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion e lilo ia i mea nui loa i nā ʻoihana honua. I ka hana kila, hoʻonui ka tungsten i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mīkini a me ke kūkulu ʻana. I loko o nā mea uila, he mea nui ia no nā ʻāpana, nā alakaʻi kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia, a me nā filaments kuʻuna. I loko o ka aerospace, he mea koʻikoʻi nā alloys tungsten no nā pahi mīkini a me nā nozzles rocket, e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka lewa. I ka ʻoihana koa, he mea nui nā alloys tungsten no nā projectiles e ʻoki ana i nā pale kaua, nā ʻāpana missile, a me nā pale kaua, e hoʻopilikia pololei ana i nā hiki pale aupuni. ʻO ka hōʻoia ʻana i kahi lako tungsten kūloko paʻa he mea nui ia no ka palekana aupuni.
Nā hopena pōkole a me ka wā lōʻihi
I ka wā pōkole, e hōʻemi nā kaohi hoʻokuʻu aku i ka lako tungsten o Kina i nā mākeke honua, e hoʻopilikia paha i nā kaulike lako-koi lōʻihi a hoʻokele i nā kumukūʻai tungsten honua i luna ma muli o ke koi paʻa ma lalo. I ka wā lōʻihi, e hoʻoulu kēia mau kaohi i nā hoʻonui ʻoihana, e paipai ana i nā hoʻopukapuka R&D, ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana waiwai nui e hoʻonui i ka mana o Kina ma ka ʻoihana tungsten.
Nā Heluhelu Tungsten Honua
Wahi a ka USGS, ʻo ka nui o nā waihona tungsten honua i ka makahiki 2023 ma kahi o 4.4 miliona tons, piʻi 15.79% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me Kina e helu ana no 52.27% (2.3 miliona tons). ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka tungsten honua he 78,000 tons, iho 2.26%, me Kina e hāʻawi ana i 80.77% (63,000 tons). Hōʻike ka ʻikepili dute Kina i nā ʻano hoʻokuʻu aku tungsten like ʻole, me nā ores tungsten, ka waikawa tungstic, ka tungsten trioxide, nā carbides tungsten, a me nā huahana tungsten like ʻole. I ka makahiki 2024, ua hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Kina i 782.41 tons o APT (i lalo 2.53%, 4.06% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku ʻia), 3,189.96 tons o ka tungsten trioxide (i piʻi 18.19%, 16.55% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku ʻia), a me 4,146.76 tons o ka tungsten carbide (i lalo 6.46%, 21.52% o ka huina o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu aku ʻia).
ʻO CHENGDU HUAXIN CEMENTED CARBIDE CO., LTD kahi mea hoʻolako loea a me ka mea hana o nā huahana tungsten carbide, e like me nā pahi hoʻokomo carbide no ka hana lāʻau, nā pahi poepoe carbide no ka paka a me nā koʻokoʻo kānana cigarette e ʻoki ana, nā pahi poepoe no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka pepa pahu corugatted, nā pahi ʻoki ʻekolu puka / nā pahi slotted no ka hoʻopili ʻana, lipine, ʻokiʻoki ʻili lahilahi, nā pahi ʻokiʻoki fiber no ka ʻoihana lole etc.
Me ka ʻoi aku o 25 mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku kā mākou huahana i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Rusia, ʻAmelika Hema, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Australia, Asia Hema Hikina a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Me ke ʻano maikaʻi loa a me nā kumukūʻai hoʻokūkū, ua ʻae ʻia kā mākou ʻano hana paʻakikī a me ka pane ʻana e kā mākou mea kūʻai aku. A makemake mākou e hoʻokumu i nā pilina ʻoihana hou me nā mea kūʻai aku hou.
E leka uila mai iā mākou i kēia lā a e hauʻoli ʻoe i nā pono o ka maikaʻi a me nā lawelawe mai kā mākou huahana!
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-04-2025
