ʻIke kumu o nā mea hana carbide

ʻO Carbide ka papa hana mīkini wikiwiki (HSM) i hoʻohana nui ʻia, i hana ʻia e nā kaʻina hana metallurgy pauka a loaʻa i nā ʻāpana carbide paʻakikī (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo tungsten carbide WC) a me kahi ʻano palupalu o ka hoʻopaʻa metala. I kēia manawa, aia nā haneli o nā carbide cemented i hoʻokumu ʻia ma WC me nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea e hoʻohana ana i ka cobalt (Co) ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa, ʻo nickel (Ni) a me chromium (Cr) he mau mea hoʻopaʻa maʻamau hoʻi, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui. No ke aha he nui nā papa carbide? Pehea e koho ai nā mea hana mea hana i ka mea hana kūpono no kahi hana ʻoki kikoʻī? No ka pane ʻana i kēia mau nīnau, e nānā mua kākou i nā waiwai like ʻole e hoʻolilo ai i ka carbide cemented i mea hana kūpono.

paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī

Loaʻa i ka carbide sima ʻia ʻo WC-Co nā pono kūikawā i ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī. He paʻakikī loa ka tungsten carbide (WC) (ʻoi aku ma mua o ka corundum a i ʻole alumina), a ʻaʻole pinepine e emi iho kona paʻakikī i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana hana. Eia naʻe, nele i ka paʻakikī kūpono, kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi no nā mea hana ʻoki. I mea e hoʻohana pono ai i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe o ka tungsten carbide a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona paʻakikī, hoʻohana ka poʻe i nā pilina metala e hoʻopaʻa pū i ka tungsten carbide, i loaʻa ai i kēia mea ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke kila wikiwiki, ʻoiai hiki ke kū i ka hapa nui o nā hana ʻoki. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke kū i nā mahana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mīkini wikiwiki.

I kēia lā, ua uhi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pahi a me nā mea hoʻokomo WC-Co, no laila ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ke kuleana o ka mea kumu. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka modulus elastic kiʻekiʻe o ka mea WC-Co (kahi ana o ka paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o ʻekolu manawa o ke kila wikiwiki i ka mahana o ka lumi) e hāʻawi ana i ka substrate non-deformable no ka uhi ʻana. Hāʻawi pū ka matrix WC-Co i ka paʻakikī e pono ai. ʻO kēia mau waiwai nā waiwai kumu o nā mea WC-Co, akā hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia nā waiwai o ka mea ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele a me ka microstructure i ka wā e hana ai i nā pauka carbide cemented. No laila, ʻo ke kūpono o ka hana o ka mea hana i kahi mīkini kikoʻī e pili nui ana i ke kaʻina hana wili mua.

Kaʻina hana wili

Loaʻa ka pauka tungsten carbide ma o ka carburizing ʻana i ka pauka tungsten (W). ʻO nā ʻano o ka pauka tungsten carbide (ʻoi aku ka nui o kona ʻāpana) e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka pauka tungsten maka a me ka mahana a me ka manawa o ka carburization. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka kaohi kemika, a pono e mālama mau ʻia ka nui o ke kalapona (kokoke i ka waiwai stoichiometric o 6.13% ma ke kaumaha). Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o ka vanadium a/a i ʻole chromium ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka carburizing i mea e kaohi ai i ka nui o ka ʻāpana pauka ma o nā kaʻina hana ma hope. Pono nā kūlana hana like ʻole ma hope a me nā hoʻohana hana hope like ʻole i kahi hui kūikawā o ka nui o ka ʻāpana tungsten carbide, ka nui o ke kalapona, ka nui o ka vanadium a me ka nui o ka chromium, kahi e hiki ai ke hana ʻia nā ʻano pauka tungsten carbide like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻo ATI Alldyne, kahi mea hana pauka tungsten carbide, e hana i 23 mau papa maʻamau o ka pauka tungsten carbide, a ʻo nā ʻano pauka tungsten carbide i hoʻopilikino ʻia e like me nā koi o ka mea hoʻohana hiki ke hiki aku ma mua o 5 mau manawa o nā papa maʻamau o ka pauka tungsten carbide.

I ke kāwili ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i ka pauka tungsten carbide a me ka hoʻopaʻa metala e hana i kahi papa o ka pauka carbide cemented, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui like ʻole. ʻO ka nui o ka cobalt i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he 3% - 25% (lakio kaumaha), a i ka hihia o ka pono e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala o ka mea hana, pono e hoʻohui i ka nickel a me ka chromium. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa metala ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻāpana alloy ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ruthenium i ka carbide cemented WC-Co hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kona paʻakikī me ka ʻole o ka hoʻemi ʻana i kona paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaʻa hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī o ka carbide cemented, akā e hoʻemi ia i kona paʻakikī.

ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide hiki ke hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka mea, akā pono e like ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka tungsten carbide i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana sintering. I ka wā o ka sintering, hui pū nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide a ulu ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka reprecipitation. I ke kaʻina hana sintering maoli, i mea e hana ai i kahi mea piha piha, lilo ka pilina metala i wai (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka sintering pae wai). Hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā carbide metala hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, me ka vanadium carbide (VC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), a me ka niobium carbide (NbC). Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kēia mau carbide metala i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai ka pauka tungsten carbide a wili ʻia me kahi pilina metala, ʻoiai hiki ke hana ʻia ka vanadium carbide a me ka chromium carbide i ka wā e carburized ai ka pauka tungsten carbide.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka pauka tungsten carbide ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōpala hana hou ʻia nā mea carbide cemented. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o ka ʻōpala carbide he mōʻaukala lōʻihi i ka ʻoihana carbide cemented a he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ke kaulahao waiwai holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana, e kōkua ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai mea, mālama i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a pale i nā mea ʻōpala. Hoʻolei ʻino. Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka ʻōpala carbide cemented e ke kaʻina hana APT (ammonium paratungstate), ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla zinc a i ʻole ma ke kuʻi ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau pauka tungsten carbide "recycled" a hiki ke wānana ʻia no ka mea he ʻili liʻiliʻi ko lākou ma mua o nā pauka tungsten carbide i hana pololei ʻia ma o ke kaʻina hana tungsten carburizing.

ʻO nā kūlana hana o ka wili ʻana i ka pauka tungsten carbide a me ka hoʻopaʻa metala he mau palena hana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi. ʻO nā ʻano hana wili ʻelua i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻo ia ka wili pōpō a me ka micromilling. Hiki i nā hana ʻelua ke hoʻohui like i nā pauka wili a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻemi ʻia. I mea e lawa ai ka ikaika o ka mea hana i kaomi ʻia ma hope, e mālama i ke ʻano o ka mea hana, a hiki i ka mea hoʻohana a i ʻole ka manipulator ke kiʻi i ka mea hana no ka hana, pono pinepine e hoʻohui i kahi mea hoʻopaʻa organik i ka wā wili. Hiki i ka hoʻohuihui kemika o kēia hoʻopaʻa ke hoʻopilikia i ka nui a me ka ikaika o ka mea hana i kaomi ʻia. No ka maʻalahi o ka lawelawe ʻana, he mea kūpono ke hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻo kēia ka hopena i ka haʻahaʻa o ka compaction density a hiki ke hana i nā puʻupuʻu e hiki ai ke hana i nā hemahema i ka huahana hope loa.

Ma hope o ka wili ʻana, hoʻomaloʻo pinepine ʻia ka pauka e hana i nā agglomerates kahe manuahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea hoʻopaʻa organik. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa organik, hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia ke kahe a me ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana o kēia mau agglomerates e like me ka makemake. Ma ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāpana coarser a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻopilikino hou ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka agglomerate e hōʻoia i ke kahe maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻouka ʻia ai i loko o ka lua mold.

Hana ʻana i nā mea hana

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana hana Carbide ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻāpana hana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano, a me ka pūʻulu hana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokomo ʻoki me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā make paʻa o luna a me lalo. I mea e mālama ai i ke kūlike o ke kaumaha a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana hana i kēlā me kēia kaomi ʻana, pono e hōʻoia i ka like like o ka nui o ka pauka (ka nuipa a me ka nui) e kahe ana i loko o ka lua. ʻO ke kahe o ka pauka e kāohi nui ʻia e ka hoʻolaha nui ʻana o nā agglomerates a me nā waiwai o ka mea hoʻopaʻa organik. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana hana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (a i ʻole "blanks") ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaomi hoʻoheheʻe o 10-80 ksi (kilo paona no ka kapuaʻi kuea) i ka pauka i hoʻouka ʻia i loko o ka lua mold.

ʻOiai ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻole e hoʻololi a haki paha nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide paʻakikī, akā ua kaomi ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa organik i loko o nā hakahaka ma waena o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide, a laila e hoʻopaʻa ana i ke kūlana o nā ʻāpana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka compaction density o ka workpiece. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā waiwai hoʻoheheʻe o nā papa o ka pauka carbide cemented, ma muli o ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala, ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide, ke kekelē o ka agglomeration, a me ka haku mele a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa organik. I mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike quantitative e pili ana i nā waiwai compaction o nā papa o nā pauka carbide cemented, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka molding density a me ke kaomi molding e hoʻolālā pinepine ʻia a kūkulu ʻia e ka mea hana pauka. Hōʻoia kēia ʻike ua kūlike ka pauka i hāʻawi ʻia me ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe a ka mea hana mea hana.

ʻO nā ʻāpana hana carbide nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻāpana hana carbide me nā lakio hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā shanks no nā wili hope a me nā wili) i hana pinepine ʻia mai nā papa pauka carbide i kaomi like ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke palupalu. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana o ke ʻano kaomi kaulike ma mua o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai hana o ka mea hana, no laila ʻoi aku ka kūpono o kēia ʻano hana no ka hana ʻana i ka hapa liʻiliʻi.

ʻO kēia ʻano hana, ʻo ia ke kau ʻana i ka pauka i loko o ka ʻeke, a sila i ka waha o ka ʻeke, a laila e kau i ka ʻeke piha i ka pauka i loko o kahi keʻena, a kau i kahi kaomi o 30-60ksi ma o kahi mea hydraulic e kaomi ai. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana hana i kaomi ʻia i nā geometries kikoʻī ma mua o ka sintering. Hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻeke e hoʻokipa i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāpana hana i ka wā o ka compaction a e hāʻawi i ka palena lawa no nā hana wili. ʻOiai pono e hana ʻia ka ʻāpana hana ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana, ʻaʻole paʻa loa nā koi no ke kūlike o ka hoʻouka ʻana e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, akā makemake ʻia e hōʻoia i ka nui like o ka pauka i hoʻouka ʻia i loko o ka ʻeke i kēlā me kēia manawa. Inā liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka pauka, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka lawa ʻole o ka pauka i loko o ka ʻeke, e hopena ana i ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka ʻāpana hana a pono e ʻoki ʻia. Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka pauka, a nui loa ka pauka i hoʻouka ʻia i loko o ka ʻeke, pono e hana ʻia ka ʻāpana hana e wehe i ka pauka hou aʻe ma hope o ke kaomi ʻia. ʻOiai hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka pauka keu i wehe ʻia a me nā ʻāpana hana i ʻoki ʻia, ʻo ka hana ʻana pēlā e hōʻemi ana i ka huahana.

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻāpana hana Carbide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā make extrusion a i ʻole nā ​​make injection. ʻOi aku ka kūpono o ke kaʻina hana extrusion molding no ka hana nui ʻana o nā ʻāpana hana axisymmetric, ʻoiai ke kaʻina hana injection molding e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no ka hana nui ʻana o nā ʻāpana hana paʻakikī. Ma nā kaʻina hana molding ʻelua, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā papa o ka pauka carbide cemented i loko o kahi mea hoʻopaʻa organik e hāʻawi ana i kahi kūlike e like me ka toothpaste i ka hui carbide cemented. A laila hoʻopuka ʻia ka hui ma o kahi lua a i ʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi lua e hana ai. ʻO nā ʻano o ka papa o ka pauka carbide cemented e hoʻoholo i ka ratio kūpono o ka pauka i ka mea hoʻopaʻa i loko o ka hui ʻana, a he mana koʻikoʻi i ke kahe ʻana o ka hui ʻana ma o ka lua extrusion a i ʻole ka injection i loko o ka lua.

Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka workpiece ma o ke kālai ʻana, ke kaomi isostatic, ka extrusion a i ʻole ke kālai ʻana i ka injection, pono e wehe ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa organik mai ka workpiece ma mua o ke kahua sintering hope loa. Hoʻopau ka sintering i ka porosity mai ka workpiece, e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea piha (a i ʻole nui). I ka wā sintering, lilo ka pilina metala i loko o ka workpiece i hana ʻia i ka paʻi i wai, akā mālama ka workpiece i kona ʻano ma lalo o ka hana hui pū ʻana o nā mana capillary a me ka pilina ʻāpana.

Ma hope o ka sintering, ua like ke ʻano o ka workpiece, akā ua hoʻemi ʻia nā ana. I mea e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka workpiece i makemake ʻia ma hope o ka sintering, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka nui o ka shrinkage i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i ka mea hana. Pono e hoʻolālā ʻia ke ʻano o ka pauka carbide i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i kēlā me kēia mea hana e loaʻa ka shrinkage kūpono i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai ma lalo o ke kaomi kūpono.

Ma aneane nā hihia āpau, pono ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka sintering o ka workpiece sintered. ʻO ka mālama maʻalahi loa o nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki, ʻo ia ka hoʻokala ʻana i ka lihi ʻoki. Pono nā mea hana he nui e wili i ko lākou geometry a me nā ana ma hope o ka sintering. Pono kekahi mau mea hana e wili i luna a me lalo; pono kekahi i ka wili peripheral (me ka ʻoi ʻole o ka lihi ʻokiʻoki). Hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā ʻāpana carbide āpau mai ka wili ʻana.

Ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻāpana hana

I nā hihia he nui, pono e uhi ʻia ka ʻāpana hana i hoʻopau ʻia. Hāʻawi ka uhi ʻana i ka lubricity a me ka paʻakikī i hoʻonui ʻia, a me kahi pale diffusion i ka substrate, e pale ana i ka oxidation i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. He mea koʻikoʻi ka substrate carbide cemented no ka hana o ka uhi ʻana. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopilikino ʻana i nā waiwai nui o ka pauka matrix, hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia nā waiwai o ka ʻili o ka matrix e ke koho kemika a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano sintering. Ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka cobalt, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka cobalt hou aʻe ma ka papa waho loa o ka ʻili o ka pahi i loko o ka mānoanoa o 20-30 μm e pili ana i ke koena o ka workpiece, no laila e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻili o ka substrate i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi, e ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka deformation.

Ma muli o kā lākou hana hana ponoʻī (e like me ke ʻano dewaxing, ka wikiwiki hoʻomehana, ka manawa sintering, ka mahana a me ke kahe carburizing), loaʻa paha i ka mea hana mea hana kekahi mau koi kūikawā no ka papa o ka pauka carbide cemented i hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki i kekahi mau mea hana mea hana ke sinter i ka workpiece i loko o kahi umu vacuum, aʻo kekahi poʻe e hoʻohana paha i kahi umu sintering isostatic pressing (HIP) wela (kahi e kaomi ai i ka workpiece kokoke i ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana e wehe i nā koena) pores). Pono paha e hoʻomehana ʻia nā workpieces sintered i loko o kahi umu vacuum ma o kahi kaʻina hana hou e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka workpiece. Hiki i kekahi mau mea hana mea hana ke hoʻohana i nā mahana sintering vacuum kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i ka nui sintered o nā hui me ka ʻike cobalt haʻahaʻa, akā hiki i kēia ʻano ke hoʻomāhuahua i kā lākou microstructure. I mea e mālama ai i ka nui o ka palaoa maikaʻi, hiki ke koho ʻia nā pauka me ka nui o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka tungsten carbide. I mea e kūlike ai me nā lako hana kikoʻī, loaʻa i nā kūlana dewaxing a me ke kahe carburizing nā koi like ʻole no ka ʻike kalapona i loko o ka pauka carbide cemented.

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka papa

ʻO nā loli hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano pauka tungsten carbide like ʻole, ka haku mele ʻana a me ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala, ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka mea hoʻopaʻa ulu palaoa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana i nā ʻano papa carbide cemented like ʻole. E hoʻoholo kēia mau palena i ka microstructure o ka carbide cemented a me kona mau waiwai. Ua lilo kekahi mau hui kikoʻī o nā waiwai i mea nui no kekahi mau noi hana kikoʻī, e lilo ana i mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā papa carbide cemented like ʻole.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokaʻawale carbide ʻelua i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā noi mīkini ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā C a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā ISO. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻike piha kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana i nā waiwai mea e hoʻohuli ai i ke koho ʻana o nā māka carbide cemented, hāʻawi lākou i kahi hoʻomaka no ke kūkākūkā ʻana. No kēlā me kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, he nui nā mea hana i kā lākou mau māka kūikawā ponoʻī, e hopena ana i nā ʻano māka carbide like ʻole.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano Carbide e ka haku mele ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano Tungsten carbide (WC) i ʻekolu ʻano kumu: maʻalahi, microcrystalline a me ka alloyed. ʻO nā ʻano Simplex he mau mea hoʻopaʻa tungsten carbide a me cobalt, akā hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea hoʻopaʻa ulu palaoa liʻiliʻi. Hana ʻia ka ʻano microcrystalline me ka tungsten carbide a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa cobalt i hoʻohui ʻia me kekahi mau tausani o ka vanadium carbide (VC) a me (a i ʻole) chromium carbide (Cr3C2), a hiki i kona nui palaoa ke hiki i ka 1 μm a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi. Hana ʻia nā ʻano Alloy me nā mea hoʻopaʻa tungsten carbide a me cobalt e loaʻa ana kekahi mau pakeneka titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), a me niobium carbide (NbC). Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau hoʻohui he cubic carbides ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai sintering. Hōʻike ka microstructure hopena i kahi ʻano ʻekolu-phase inhomogeneous.

1) Nā papa carbide maʻalahi

ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kēia mau papa no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka metala he 3% a 12% cobalt (ma ke kaumaha). ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide ma waena o 1-8 μm. E like me nā papa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka ʻāpana o ka tungsten carbide e hoʻonui i kona paʻakikī a me ka ikaika transverse rupture (TRS), akā e hōʻemi ana i kona paʻakikī. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano maʻemaʻe ma waena o HRA89-93.5; ʻo ka ikaika transverse rupture ma waena o 175-350ksi. Hiki i nā pauka o kēia mau papa ke loaʻa nā nui he nui o nā mea hana hou ʻia.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka ʻano maʻalahi i C1-C4 ma ka ʻōnaehana māka C, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka moʻo māka K, N, S a me H ma ka ʻōnaehana māka ISO. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Simplex me nā waiwai waena ma ke ʻano he mau māka kumu maʻamau (e like me C2 a i ʻole K20) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka huli ʻana, ka wili ʻana, ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka wili ʻana; hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka me ka nui o ka palaoa liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka nui o ka cobalt haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he mau māka hoʻopau (e like me C4 a i ʻole K01); hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka me ka nui o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka nui o ka cobalt kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano he mau māka roughing (e like me C1 a i ʻole K30).

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana i hana ʻia ma nā papa Simplex no ka mīkini ʻana i ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, ke kila kila kila 200 a me 300, ka alumini a me nā metala hao ʻole ʻē aʻe, nā superalloys a me nā kila paʻakikī. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau papa i nā noi ʻoki ʻole metala (e like me nā mea hana ʻeli pōhaku a me ka geological), a he 1.5-10μm (a ʻoi aku paha) a he 6%-16% ka nui o ka cobalt i loko o kēia mau papa. ʻO kekahi hoʻohana ʻoki ʻole metala o nā papa carbide maʻalahi i ka hana ʻana i nā make a me nā punches. ʻO ka maʻamau, he nui ka nui o ka palaoa waena o kēia mau papa me ka nui o ka cobalt o 16%-30%.

(2) Nā papa carbide sima microcrystalline

ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kēlā mau papa he 6%-15% cobalt. I ka wā o ka sintering pae wai, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka vanadium carbide a/a i ʻole chromium carbide ke kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa e loaʻa ai kahi ʻano palaoa maikaʻi me ka nui o ka ʻāpana ma lalo o 1 μm. He paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa kēia papa maikaʻi a me nā ikaika haki transverse ma luna o 500ksi. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī lawa e hiki ai i kēia mau papa ke hoʻohana i kahi kihi rake maikaʻi nui aʻe, kahi e hōʻemi ai i nā ikaika ʻoki a hana i nā ʻāpana lahilahi ma ka ʻoki ʻana ma mua o ka paʻi ʻana i ka mea metala.

Ma o ka ʻike pono ʻana i nā ʻano mea maka like ʻole i ka hana ʻana i nā papa o ka pauka carbide cemented, a me ka kaohi pono ʻana i nā kūlana hana sintering e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hua nui maʻamau i loko o ka microstructure mea, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai mea kūpono. I mea e liʻiliʻi ai ka nui o ka hua a like, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka pauka hana hou inā loaʻa ka kaohi piha o ka mea maka a me ke kaʻina hana hoʻōla, a me ka hoʻāʻo maikaʻi nui.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka microcrystalline e like me ka moʻo māka M ma ka ʻōnaehana māka ISO. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻōnaehana māka C a me ka ʻōnaehana māka ISO ua like ia me nā māka maʻemaʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka Microcrystalline e hana i nā mea hana e ʻokiʻoki i nā mea hana palupalu, no ka mea, hiki ke mīkini ʻia ka ʻili o ka mea hana me ka laumania loa a hiki ke mālama i kahi ʻoi ʻoki ʻoi loa.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka Microcrystalline e mīkini i nā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā mahana ʻoki a hiki i ka 1200°C. No ka hana ʻana i nā superalloys a me nā mea kūikawā ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana microcrystalline a me nā mea hana maʻemaʻe i loaʻa ka ruthenium ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻana i ke komo ʻana, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka deformation a me ka paʻakikī. He kūpono hoʻi nā māka Microcrystalline no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana wili e like me nā wili e hoʻoulu ai i ke kaumaha shear. Aia kahi wili i hana ʻia me nā māka hui o ka carbide cemented. Ma nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka wili like, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka cobalt i loko o ka mea, i hoʻonui ʻia ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī o ka wili e like me nā pono hana.

(3) Nā papa carbide sima ʻano metala

Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau papa no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana kila, a ʻo ko lākou nui cobalt he 5%-10% maʻamau, a ʻo ka nui o ka palaoa mai 0.8-2μm. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 4%-25% titanium carbide (TiC), hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke ʻano o ka tungsten carbide (WC) e pālahalaha i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana kila. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika o ka mea hana, ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu lua a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka haʻalulu wela ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i 25% tantalum carbide (TaC) a me ka niobium carbide (NbC). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ia mau carbide cubic e hoʻonui pū i ka paʻakikī ʻulaʻula o ka mea hana, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i ka deformation thermal o ka mea hana i ka ʻoki kaumaha a i ʻole nā ​​​​hana ʻē aʻe kahi e hoʻoulu ai ka ʻaoʻao ʻoki i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka titanium carbide ke hāʻawi i nā wahi nucleation i ka wā sintering, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka like o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka carbide cubic i ka workpiece.

Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻo ka pae paʻakikī o nā māka carbide sima ʻano alloy-type ʻo HRA91-94, a ʻo ka ikaika haki transverse he 150-300ksi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māka maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā māka alloy a me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu pipili. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka alloy i C5-C8 ma ka ʻōnaehana māka C, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka moʻo māka P a me M ma ka ʻōnaehana māka ISO. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka alloy me nā waiwai waena ma ke ʻano he mau māka kumu maʻamau (e like me C6 a i ʻole P30) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka huli ʻana, ke kī ʻana, ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka wili ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka paʻakikī loa ma ke ʻano he mau māka hoʻopau (e like me C8 a me P01) no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka huli ʻana a me nā hana wili. ʻO ka maʻamau, he liʻiliʻi nā nui o ka palaoa a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka cobalt e loaʻa ai ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaʻahu. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai mea like ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā carbides cubic hou aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke ʻano he mau māka roughing (e like me C5 a i ʻole P50). ʻO ka maʻamau, he nui ka nui o ka palaoa waena a me ka nui o ka cobalt, me nā hoʻohui haʻahaʻa o nā carbides cubic e hoʻokō ai i ka paʻakikī i makemake ʻia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka māwae. I nā hana huli i hoʻopau ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka hana ʻoki ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa momona cobalt i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna me ka nui o ka cobalt ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea hana.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa alloy me ka haʻahaʻa o ka titanium carbide no ka mīkini ʻana i ke kila kila a me ka hao palupalu, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka mīkini ʻana i nā metala non-ferrous e like me nā superalloys i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka nickel. ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa o kēia mau papa he emi ma mua o 1 μm, a ʻo ka nui o ka cobalt he 8%-12%. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā papa paʻakikī, e like me M10, no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hao palupalu; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā papa paʻakikī, e like me M40, no ka wili ʻana a me ka planing kila, a no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​superalloys.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā papa carbide sima ʻano-alloy no nā kumu ʻoki ʻole metala, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻāpana o kēia mau papa he 1.2-2 μm maʻamau, a ʻo ka nui o ka cobalt he 7%-10%. I ka hana ʻana i kēia mau papa, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kahi pakeneka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea maka i hana hou ʻia, e hopena ana i kahi kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i nā noi ʻāpana komo. Pono nā ʻāpana komo i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nickel a me ka chromium carbide i ka hana ʻana i kēia mau papa.

I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi loea a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā mea hana mea hana, ʻo ka pauka carbide ke kumu nui. ʻO nā pauka i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā lako mīkini a me nā palena hana a nā mea hana mea hana e hōʻoia i ka hana o ka ʻāpana hana i hoʻopau ʻia a ua hopena i nā haneli o nā māka carbide. ʻO ke ʻano hana hou ʻia o nā mea carbide a me ka hiki ke hana pololei me nā mea hoʻolako pauka e hiki ai i nā mea hana mea hana ke kāohi pono i ka maikaʻi o kā lākou huahana a me nā kumukūʻai mea.