ʻIke kumu o nā mea hana carbide

ʻO Carbide ka papa hana hoʻohana nui loa o nā mea hana machining kiʻekiʻe (HSM), i hana ʻia e nā kaʻina hana metallurgy pauka a loaʻa i nā ʻāpana carbide paʻakikī (maʻamau tungsten carbide WC) a me kahi hui paʻa metala palupalu. I kēia manawa, aia he mau haneli o ka WC-based cemented carbide me nā haku mele like ʻole, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mau mea e hoʻohana i ka cobalt (Co) i mea hoʻopili, nickel (Ni) a me chromium (Cr) nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia. . kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui. No ke aha i nui ai nā māka carbide? Pehea e koho ai nā mea hana mea hana i ka mea hana pono no kahi hana ʻoki kikoʻī? No ka pane ʻana i kēia mau nīnau, e nānā mua kākou i nā waiwai like ʻole e hoʻolilo ai i ka carbide cemented i mea hana pono.

paakiki a paakiki

ʻO ka carbide cemented WC-Co he mau pono kūʻokoʻa i ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī. He paʻakikī loa ka Tungsten carbide (WC) (ʻoi aku ma mua o ka corundum a i ʻole alumina), a ʻaʻole e emi ka paʻakikī i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana hana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ka paʻakikī, kahi waiwai pono no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hana. I mea e hoʻohana pono ai i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe o ka tungsten carbide a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona paʻakikī, hoʻohana ka poʻe i nā mea paʻa metala e hoʻopaʻa pū i ka tungsten carbide, i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia mea ma mua o ke kila kiʻekiʻe. nā hana. ikaika ʻoki. Eia kekahi, hiki iā ia ke pale i nā mahana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e ka mīkini wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe.

I kēia lā, aneane pau nā pahi WC-Co a me nā mea hoʻokomo i uhi ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka hana o ka mea kumu. Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka modulus elastic kiʻekiʻe o ka mea WC-Co (kahi ana o ka ʻoʻoleʻa, ʻo ia paha ʻekolu mau manawa o ke kila kiʻekiʻe ma ka lumi wela) e hāʻawi i ka substrate non-deformable no ka uhi. Hāʻawi pū ka WC-Co matrix i ka paʻakikī i koi ʻia. ʻO kēia mau waiwai nā waiwai kumu o nā mea WC-Co, akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā waiwai waiwai ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka haku mele a me ka microstructure i ka wā e hana ai i nā pauka carbide cemented. No laila, ʻo ke kūpono o ka hana ʻana o ka mea hana i kahi mīkini kikoʻī e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka hana wili mua.

Kaʻina wili

Loaʻa ka pauka tungsten carbide ma ka carburizing tungsten (W) pauka. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pauka tungsten carbide (ʻoi aku ka nui o kona nui) e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka nui o ka nui o ka pauka tungsten maka a me ka mahana a me ka manawa o ka carburization. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka hoʻomalu kemika, a pono e mālama mau ʻia ka ʻike kalapona (kokoke i ka waiwai stoichiometric o 6.13% ma ke kaumaha). Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi vanadium a/a i ʻole chromium ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka carburizing i mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka nui o ka pauka ma o nā kaʻina hana hope. ʻO nā kūlana kaʻina hana i lalo a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohana hope ʻana e koi i kahi hui kikoʻī o ka nui o ka tungsten carbide particle, carbon content, vanadium content a me chromium content, kahi e hana ʻia ai nā ʻano pauka tungsten carbide like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hana ʻo ATI Alldyne, kahi mea hana tungsten carbide pauka, 23 mau māka maʻamau o ka pauka tungsten carbide pauka, a ʻo nā ʻano o ka pauka tungsten carbide i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me nā koi o ka mea hoʻohana hiki ke piʻi aku ma mua o 5 mau manawa o nā māka maʻamau o ka pauka tungsten carbide pauka.

I ka hui ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i ka pauka tungsten carbide a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala e hana i kahi papa o ka pauka carbide cemented, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui like ʻole. ʻO ka maʻiʻo cobalt maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia he 3% - 25% (kaumaha kaumaha), a i ka hihia o ka pono e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa corrosion o ka mea hana, pono e hoʻohui i ka nickel a me ka chromium. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ruthenium i ka carbide cemented WC-Co ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kona paʻakikī me ka ʻole e hōʻemi i kona paʻakikī. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka binder hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī o ka carbide cemented, akā e hōʻemi ia i kona paʻakikī.

ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka nui o ka tungsten carbide particles hiki ke hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka mea, akā pono e mau ka nui o ka tungsten carbide i ka wā o ke kaʻina sintering. I ka wā o ka sintering, hui pū ʻia nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide a ulu ma o ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka rerecipitation. Ma ke kaʻina hana sintering maoli, i mea e hana ai i kahi mea paʻa loa, lilo ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala i wai (i kapa ʻia ʻo liquid phase sintering). Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā carbide metala hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, me ka vanadium carbide (VC), chromium carbide (Cr3C2), titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), a me ka niobium carbide (NbC). Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kēia mau carbide metala i ka wā e hui pū ʻia ai ka pauka tungsten carbide a wili ʻia me kahi paʻa metala, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka vanadium carbide a me ka chromium carbide i ka wā e hoʻopili ʻia ai ka pauka tungsten carbide.

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka pauka tungsten carbide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea carbide cemented recycled. He moʻolelo lōʻihi ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o ka carbide i ka ʻoihana cemented carbide a he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kaulahao waiwai holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana, e kōkua ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai waiwai, mālama i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a pale i nā mea ʻōpala. Hoʻopau ʻino. Hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka ʻōpala cemented carbide e ka kaʻina APT (ammonium paratungstate), ka hana hoʻihoʻi zinc a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau pauka tungsten carbide "recycled" no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili ma mua o nā pauka tungsten carbide i hana pololei ʻia ma o ke kaʻina hana carburizing tungsten.

ʻO nā kūlana kaʻina hana o ka hui ʻana o ka pauka tungsten carbide a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala he mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ia. ʻO nā ʻenehana wili ʻelua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka wili pōlele a me ka micromilling. Hiki i nā hana ʻelua ke hoʻohui like i nā pauka wili a hoʻemi ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana. I mea e lawa ai ka ikaika o ka mea hana i kaomi ʻia, mālama i ke ʻano o ka mea hana, a hiki i ka mea hoʻohana a i ʻole manipulator ke kiʻi i ka mea hana no ka hana, pono e hoʻohui i kahi mea hoʻopili organik i ka wā wili. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hana kemika o kēia paʻa i ka mānoanoa a me ka ikaika o ka mea hana i kaomi ʻia. No ka maʻalahi o ka lawelawe ʻana, pono e hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe, akā e hopena kēia i ka haʻahaʻa compaction density a hiki ke hana i nā puʻupuʻu i hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka huahana hope.

Ma hope o ka wili ʻana, hoʻomaloʻo mau ʻia ka pauka e hana i nā agglomerates kahe manuahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea hoʻopili organik. Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻopili organik, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka kahe a me ka nui o ka uku o kēia mau agglomerates e like me ka makemake. Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻopili hou ʻia ka puʻupuʻu nui o ka agglomerate e hōʻoia i ke kahe maikaʻi ke hoʻouka ʻia i loko o ka lua poni.

Ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea hana Carbide e nā ʻano kaʻina hana. Ma muli o ka nui o ka mea hana, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano, a me ka pūʻulu hana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻokomo ʻokiʻoki me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka make rigid pressure top a me lalo. I mea e mālama pono ai i ka paona a me ka nui o ka mea hana i kēlā me kēia kaomi ʻana, pono e hōʻoia i ka nui o ka pauka (ka nui a me ka leo) e kahe ana i loko o ka lua. Hoʻomalu nui ʻia ka wai o ka pauka e ka puʻupuʻu nui o nā agglomerates a me nā waiwai o ka binder organik. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea hana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (a i ʻole "blanks") ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaomi hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o 10-80 ksi (kilo paona i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square) i ka pauka i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lua poni.

ʻOiai ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻaʻole e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide paʻakikī, akā paʻi ʻia ka mea hoʻopili organik i loko o nā āpau ma waena o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide, a laila hoʻoponopono i ke kūlana o nā ʻāpana. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka compaction density o ka mea hana. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā ʻano hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka pauka cemented carbide, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻopili metala, ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana tungsten carbide, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka agglomeration, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka binder organik. I mea e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike nui e pili ana i nā waiwai compaction o nā māka o nā pauka carbide cemented, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka molding density a me ke kaomi hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana maʻamau a kūkulu ʻia e ka mea hana pauda. Hoʻomaopopo kēia ʻike i ka ʻae ʻana o ka pauda i hāʻawi ʻia me ke kaʻina hana ʻana o ka mea hana mea hana.

Hana ʻia nā mea hana carbide nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana carbide me nā lākiō hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā shanks no nā wili hope a me nā drills) i hana maʻamau ʻia mai nā māka paʻi like ʻole o ka pauda carbide i loko o kahi ʻeke hikiwawe. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana o ke ʻano paʻi kaulike ma mua o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka mea hana, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano no ka hana liʻiliʻi.

ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻokomo i ka pauka i loko o ka ʻeke, a hoʻopaʻa i ka waha o ka ʻeke, a laila hoʻokomo i ka ʻeke piha i ka pauka i loko o kahi keʻena, a hoʻopili i kahi kaomi o 30-60ksi ma o kahi mea hydraulic e kaomi. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hana i kaomi ʻia i nā geometries kikoʻī ma mua o ka sintering. Hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻeke e hoʻokipa i ka emi ʻana o ka mea hana i ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a e hāʻawi i ka palena kūpono no nā hana wili. No ka mea pono e hana ʻia ka mea hana ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi nā koi no ke kūlike o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana e like me ke ʻano o ke ʻano hana, akā makemake ʻia e hōʻoia i ka nui o ka pauka i hoʻouka ʻia i loko o ka ʻeke i kēlā me kēia manawa. Inā he liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka pauda, ​​hiki ke alakaʻi i ka lawa ʻole o ka pauka i loko o ka ʻeke, ʻo ia ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea hana a pono e ʻoki ʻia. Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka pauka, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pauka i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka ʻeke, pono e hana ʻia ka mea hana no ka wehe ʻana i ka pauka ma hope o ke kaomi ʻana. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia ka pauka keu a hoʻopau ʻia, ʻo ka hana ʻana pēlā e hōʻemi ai i ka huahana.

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea hana Carbide me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka extrusion dies a i ʻole injection dies. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana extrusion no ka hana nui ʻana o nā mea hana axisymmetric shape, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kaʻina hana injection no ka hana nui o nā mea hana paʻakikī. I loko o nā kaʻina hana ʻelua, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā māka o ka pauka carbide cemented i loko o kahi mea hoʻopaʻa organik e hāʻawi i kahi ʻano like me ka toothpaste i ka hui carbide cemented. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pūhui i loko o kahi lua a i ʻole i loko o kahi lua e hana ai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka papa o ka pauka cemented carbide e hoʻoholo i ka lakio maikaʻi loa o ka pauka i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i loko o ka hui ʻana, a he mana koʻikoʻi i ka kahe o ka hui ʻana ma o ka lua extrusion a i ʻole injection i loko o ka lua.

Ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, kaomi isostatic, extrusion a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana, pono e wehe ʻia ka mea hoʻopili organik mai ka mea hana ma mua o ka pae sintering hope. Hoʻopau ʻo Sintering i ka porosity mai ka mea hana, e hoʻopiha piha (a i ʻole nui). I ka wā o ka sintering, lilo ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala i loko o ka mea hana paʻi paʻi i ka wai, akā paʻa ka mea hana i kona ʻano ma lalo o ka hana hui ʻana o nā kaha capillary a me ka pilina pili.

Ma hope o ka sintering, e mau ana ka geometry workpiece, akā ua hoʻemi ʻia nā ana. I mea e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka mea hana i koi ʻia ma hope o ka sintering, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka shrinkage rate i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka mea hana. Pono e hoʻolālā ʻia ka pae o ka pauka carbide i hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia mea hana e loaʻa ai ka hōʻemi kūpono ke hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo o ke kaomi kūpono.

Ma kahi kokoke i nā hihia a pau, pono ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka mea hana sintered. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau o nā mea hana ʻoki ʻo ia ka hoʻokala i ka ʻoki ʻoki. Pono nā mea hana he nui i ka wili ʻana i kā lākou geometry a me nā ana ma hope o ka sintering. Pono kekahi mau mea hana i ka wili luna a me lalo; ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e koi i ka wili liʻiliʻi (me ka ʻoi ʻole a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻoki ʻoki). Hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā ʻāpana carbide a pau mai ka wili ʻana.

Ka uhi mea hana

I nā manawa he nui, pono e uhi ʻia ka mea hana i hoʻopau ʻia. Hāʻawi ka uhi i ka lubricity a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻakikī, a me kahi pale diffusion i ka substrate, e pale ana i ka oxidation ke ʻike ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. He mea koʻikoʻi ka substrate carbide cemented i ka hana o ka uhi. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waiwai nui o ka pauka matrix, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā waiwai o ka matrix e ke koho kemika a hoʻololi i ke ʻano sintering. Ma o ka neʻe ʻana o ka cobalt, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka cobalt ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka ʻili o ka lau i loko o ka mānoanoa o 20-30 μm e pili ana i ke koena o ka mea hana, no laila e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻili o ka substrate i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī. kū'ē i ka deformation.

Ma muli o kā lākou hana hana ponoʻī (e like me ke ʻano dewaxing, ka wela wela, ka manawa sintering, ka mahana a me ka carburizing voltage), hiki i ka mea hana hana ke loaʻa kekahi mau koi kūikawā no ka pae o ka pauka carbide cemented i hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki i kekahi poʻe mea hana ke hoʻopaʻa i ka mea hana i loko o ka umu ahi, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ka umu hoʻoheheʻe isostatic wela (HIP) (e kaomi ana i ka mea hana kokoke i ka hopena o ke kaʻina hana e wehe i nā koena) pores). ʻO nā mea hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi umu ʻūhā e pono ai ke kaomi isostatically wela ma o kahi kaʻina hana hou e hoʻonui ai i ka mānoanoa o ka mea hana. Hiki i kekahi mau mea hana mea hana ke hoʻohana i nā mahana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka momi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mānoanoa sintered o nā hui ʻana me ka ʻiʻo cobalt haʻahaʻa, akā hiki i kēia ala ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kā lākou microstructure. No ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa, hiki ke koho ʻia nā pauka me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka tungsten carbide. I mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā lako hana kikoʻī, ʻo nā kūlana dewaxing a me ka carburizing voltage kekahi mau koi like ʻole no ka ʻike kalapona i ka pauka carbide cemented.

Papa helu

ʻO nā hoʻololi hui ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pauka tungsten carbide, ka hui ʻana a me ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala, ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka mea hoʻoulu ulu palaoa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he ʻano o nā māka carbide cemented. E hoʻoholo kēia mau ʻāpana i ka microstructure o ka carbide cemented a me kāna mau waiwai. Ua lilo kekahi mau hui pū ʻana o nā waiwai i mea nui no kekahi mau noi hoʻoponopono kikoʻī, i mea e pono ai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā māka carbide cemented.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana helu carbide ʻelua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā noi mīkini ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana koho C a me ka ʻōnaehana koho ISO. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻike piha nā ʻōnaehana i nā waiwai waiwai e hoʻohuli i ke koho ʻana i nā māka carbide cemented, hāʻawi lākou i wahi hoʻomaka no ke kūkākūkā. No kēlā me kēia hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, nui nā mea hana i kā lākou mau māka kūikawā, ka hopena i nā ʻano o nā māka carbide.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Carbide e ka haku mele ʻana. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Tungsten carbide (WC) i ʻekolu mau ʻano kumu: maʻalahi, microcrystalline a me ka alloyed. ʻO nā māka Simplex ka mea nui o ka tungsten carbide a me ka cobalt binders, akā hiki ke loaʻa pū kekahi mau mea liʻiliʻi o ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papa microcrystalline me ka tungsten carbide a me ka cobalt binder i hoʻohui ʻia me kekahi mau tausani o ka vanadium carbide (VC) a me (a i ʻole) chromium carbide (Cr3C2), a hiki i kona nui o ka palaoa ke hiki i 1 μm a i ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā māka Alloy me ka tungsten carbide a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa kobalt i loaʻa i kekahi mau pākēneka titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC), a me ka niobium carbide (NbC). Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻohui he cubic carbide ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai sintering. Hōʻike ka microstructure i kahi hanana ʻekolu-phase inhomogeneous.

1) Nā māka carbide maʻalahi

Loaʻa i kēia mau māka no ka ʻoki metala ka 3% a 12% cobalt (ma ke kaumaha). ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka tungsten carbide grains ma waena o 1-8 μm. E like me nā papa ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka tungsten carbide e hoʻonui i kona paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ka transverse rupture (TRS), akā e hōʻemi i kona paʻakikī. ʻO ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano maʻemaʻe ma waena o HRA89-93.5; ʻO ka ikaika o ka uhaʻi transverse ma waena o 175-350ksi. Hiki i nā pauda o kēia mau māka ke loaʻa ka nui o nā mea hana hou.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka ʻano maʻalahi i C1-C4 i ka ʻōnaehana papa C, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka papa K, N, S a me H ma ka ʻōnaehana papa ISO. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Simplex me nā waiwai waena ma ke ʻano he mau māka kumu nui (e like me C2 a i ʻole K20) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka huli ʻana, ka wili ʻana, ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hōʻoluʻolu; ʻO nā māka me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa kobalt maʻi a me ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me nā māka hoʻopau (e like me C4 a i ʻole K01); Hiki ke helu ʻia nā māka me ka nui o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka ʻiʻo kobalt kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka paʻakikī e like me nā māka roughing (e like me C1 a i ʻole K30).

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hana i nā māka Simplex no ka hana ʻana i ka hao, 200 a me 300 series stainless steel, aluminika a me nā metala non-ferrous, superalloys a me nā kila paʻakikī. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau māka i nā noi ʻoki metala ʻole (e like me ka pōhaku a me nā mea hana hoʻoheheʻe honua), a ʻo kēia mau māka he 1.5-10μm (a i ʻole ka nui) a me ka ʻike cobalt o 6% -16%. ʻO kekahi hoʻohana ʻoki ʻole metala o nā māka carbide maʻalahi i ka hana ʻana i nā make a me nā kuʻi. Loaʻa kēia mau māka i ka nui o ka palaoa me kahi ʻano cobalt o 16% -30%.

(2) Microcrystalline cemented carbide māka

Loaʻa i kēlā mau māka he 6% -15% cobalt. I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka vanadium carbide a/a i ʻole chromium carbide ke hoʻomalu i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano palaoa maikaʻi me ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 1 μm. He kiʻekiʻe loa ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ka uhaʻi transverse ma luna o 500ksi. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī kūpono e hiki ai i kēia mau māka ke hoʻohana i kahi kihi rake maikaʻi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e hōʻemi ana i nā ikaika ʻoki a hoʻohua i nā ʻāpana lahilahi ma ke ʻoki ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻokuke ʻana i ka mea metala.

Ma o ka ʻike paʻa ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka i ka hana ʻana i nā māka o ka pauka carbide cemented, a me ka hoʻomalu paʻa ʻana i nā kūlana sintering e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hua nui abnormally i ka microstructure material, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai waiwai kūpono. No ka mālama ʻana i ka liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻaʻahu o ka palaoa, pono e hoʻohana wale ʻia ka pauka recycled inā loaʻa ka mana piha o ka mea maka a me ke kaʻina hoʻihoʻi, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka microcrystalline e like me ka M grade series i ka ʻōnaehana papa ISO. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻē aʻe i loko o ka ʻōnaehana papa C a me ka ʻōnaehana helu ISO e like me nā māka maʻemaʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka microcrystalline e hana i nā mea hana e ʻoki ai i nā mea hana ʻoi aku ka palupalu, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻili o ka mea hana a hiki ke mālama i kahi ʻoki ʻoki loa.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka microcrystalline e mīkini i nā superalloys nickel-based, no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke pale i ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mahana a hiki i 1200°C. No ka hana ʻana i nā superalloys a me nā mea kūikawā ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana microcrystalline grade a me nā mea hana maʻemaʻe i loaʻa i ka ruthenium hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou pale ʻaʻahu, ke kūʻē deformation a me ka paʻakikī. He kūpono hoʻi nā māka microcrystalline no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana e like me nā drills e hoʻoulu ai i ke koʻikoʻi shear. Aia kahi drill i hana ʻia me nā māka i hoʻohui ʻia o ka carbide cemented. Ma nā ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka drill like, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike cobalt i loko o ka mea, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī o ka drill e like me nā pono hana.

(3) Nā māka carbide sima ʻano huila

Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau māka no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana kila, a ʻo kā lākou cobalt maʻamau he 5% -10%, a ʻo ka nui o ka palaoa mai 0.8-2μm. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 4% -25% titanium carbide (TiC), hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke ʻano o ka tungsten carbide (WC) e hoʻopuehu i ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana kila. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka ikaika o ka mea hana, ka pale ʻana i ka lua a me ke kūpaʻa haʻalulu wela ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 25% tantalum carbide (TaC) a me ka niobium carbide (NbC). ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ia mau karbida cubic e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o ka mea hana, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i ka deformation thermal o ka mea hana i ka ʻoki kaumaha a i ʻole nā ​​hana ʻē aʻe kahi e hoʻoulu ai ka ʻoki ʻoki i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki i ka titanium carbide ke hāʻawi i nā wahi nucleation i ka wā o ka sintering, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka like ʻole o ka puʻupuʻu cubic carbide i ka mea hana.

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo HRA91-94 ka pae paʻakikī o nā ʻano alloy-type cemented carbide, a ʻo ka ikaika haʻi transverse he 150-300ksi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māka maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka alloy a me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lole adhesive. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Alloy i C5-C8 i ka ʻōnaehana papa C, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka papa P a me M ma ka ʻōnaehana papa ISO. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka Alloy me nā waiwai waena e like me nā māka kumu maʻamau (e like me C6 a i ʻole P30) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka huli ʻana, paʻi ʻana, hoʻolālā a me ka wili. Hiki ke helu ʻia nā māka paʻakikī e like me nā māka hoʻopau (e like me C8 a me P01) no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hana hoʻohuli a hoʻoluhi. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau māka i ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka ʻiʻo cobalt haʻahaʻa no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka paʻakikī i koi ʻia a me ke kūpaʻa lole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā carbide cubic hou aʻe. Hiki ke ho'oka'awale 'ia nā māka me ka 'o'ole'a ki'eki'e loa ma ke 'ano he mau māka 'o'ole'a (e la'ana, C5 a i 'ole P50). Loaʻa i kēia mau māka ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka maʻiʻo cobalt kiʻekiʻe, me ka hoʻohui haʻahaʻa o ka cubic carbide e hoʻokō i ka paʻakikī i makemake ʻia ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka māwae. Ma nā hana hoʻohuli i hoʻopau ʻia, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ka hana ʻoki ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā māka waiwai kobalt i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna me ka ʻike kobalt kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka mea hana.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā māka Alloy me kahi haʻahaʻa titanium carbide maʻiʻo no ka hana ʻana i ke kila kila a me ka hao malleable, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā metala non-ferrous e like me ka nickel-based superalloys. ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa o kēia mau māka ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1 μm, a ʻo ka ʻike cobalt he 8% -12%. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka paʻakikī, e like me M10, no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hao malleable; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka paʻakikī, e like me M40, no ka wili ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke kila, a i ʻole no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​superalloys.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māka carbide cemented ʻano Alloy no nā kumu ʻoki metala ʻole, ka mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale. ʻO ka nui o ka nui o kēia mau māka he 1.2-2 μm, a ʻo ka ʻike cobalt he 7% -10%. I ka hana ʻana i kēia mau māka, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia kahi pākēneka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea maka i hoʻohana hou ʻia, e hopena i ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe i nā noi ʻāpana lole. Pono nā ʻāpana ʻaʻahu i ka pale corrosion maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nickel a me ka chromium carbide i ka wā e hana ai i kēia mau māka.

I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā koi ʻenehana a me ka waiwai o nā mea hana mea hana, ʻo ka pauka carbide ka mea nui. ʻO nā pauka i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā mea hana mīkini hana a me nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana e hōʻoia i ka hana o ka mea hana i hoʻopau ʻia a ua loaʻa i nā haneli o nā māka carbide. ʻO ke ʻano recyclable o nā mea carbide a me ka hiki ke hana pololei me nā mea hoʻolako pauka e hiki ai i nā mea hana ke hoʻomalu pono i kā lākou huahana a me nā kumukūʻai waiwai.